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Reframing
Shifting perspective on the stressor — finding silver linings, zooming out to the big picture, remembering it won't last, using humor as a lens. Kross calls this "psychological distancing."
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Connecting
Turning toward other people — venting feelings, seeking advice, asking for physical comfort. The most intuitive coping style. But research shows its effects are nuanced.
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Restoring
Using your body and the natural world to regulate your nervous system — exercise, time outside. Kross describes these as among the most powerful tools in the entire toolkit.
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Escaping
Muting anxiety through consumption or concealment — eating or drinking, alcohol, not showing feelings. Kross notes that tactical avoidance can sometimes help, but when relied on heavily it tends to prolong the chatter rather than quiet it.